MySQL基础篇
2.1 数据类型
MySQL中定义数据字段的类型对你数据库的优化是非常重要的。
2.1.1 数值类型
2.1.2 日期和时间类型
2.1.3 字符串类型
整型
?tinyint,占1字节,有符号:-128~127,无符号位:0~255
浮点型
?float([m[,d]]) 占4字节,1.17E-38~3.4E+38
字符型
?char([m]):固定长度的字符,占用m字节
2.2 常用select命令
使用select命令查看mysql数据库系统信息:
select now();
— 打印当前的日期
select curdate();
— 打印当前的时间
select curtime();
— 打印当前数据库
select database();
— 打印MySQL版本
select version();
— 打印当前用户
select user();
–查看系统信息
show variables; show global variables; show global variables like '%version%'; show variables like '%storage_engine%'; 默认的存储引擎
like模糊搜索还可用户where字句,例如
select * from students where stname like '%l%1%2%3%';
除了like 还有not like
–查看系统运行状态信息
show status; show global status like 'Thread%';
2.3 导出,导入数据库
2.3.1 导入数据库
导入数据库前必须创建一个空数据库
mysql -e 'create database book' -uroot -p123456 或者登陆 mysql create database book;
导入(方法一)
mysql -uroot -p123456 book < book.sql mysql> use book; mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_book | +----------------+ | books | | catego +----------------+
导入(方法二)
create database book; mysql> use book; mysql> source /root/book.sql #sql脚本的路径 mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_book | +----------------+ | books | | category | +----------------+
2.3.2 导出数据库
导出数据库:mysqldump -u 用户名 -p 数据库名 > 导出的文件名
mysqldump -uroot -p123456 book>book2.sql
扩展知识
如何把一个select的结果导出到文本
select * into outfile '/tmp/123.txt' from books; 此处有个文件访问权限问题,mysql用户是可以访问/tmp路径的,所以这里放到tmp下 select * from books into outfile '/tmp/456.txt'; 其实就是备份数据库
2.4 sql查询语句进阶
在我们刚导入的book数据库进行测试
2.4.1 查看表的内容:
mysql> select * from category; mysql> select * from books; mysql> select * from booksG
2.4.2 查看字段类型:
desc 表名
mysql> desc books;
2.4.3 逻辑运算符:
and or not
mysql> select bName,publishing,price from books where price=30 or price=40 or price=50 or price=60; +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+ | bName | publishing | price | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+ | Illustrator 10完全手册 | 科学出版社 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基础教程 | 北京希望电子出版 | 50 | | 网站设计全程教程 | 科学出版社 | 50 | | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 人民邮电出版社 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序设计与控件参考 | 电子工业出版社 | 60 | | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 人民邮电出版社 | 60 | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------+
2.4.4 算术运算符:
= 等于
大于
WHERE column IN (value1,value2,...) WHERE column NOT IN (value1,value2,...)Not in 与in相反
找出价格大于60的记录
mysql> select bName,price from books where price>60;
找出价格为60的
mysql> select bName,price from books where price=60;
找出价格不等于60的
mysql> select bName,price from books where price<>60;
找出价格是60,50,70的记录
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70);
找出价格不是60,50,70的记录
mysql> select bName,price from books where price not in (50,60,70);
2.4.5 排序:
升序:order by “排序的字段” asc 默认
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price asc; +------------------------------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +------------------------------------------------+-------+ | Illustrator 10完全手册 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基础教程 | 50 | | 网站设计全程教程 | 50 | | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序设计与控件参考 | 60 | | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 60 |
mysql> select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price desc; +--------------------------------------+-----------------+ | bName | price | +--------------------------------------+-----------------+ | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 60 | | Delphi 5程序设计与控件参考 | 60 | | ASP数据库系统开发实例导航 | 60 | | Illustrator 10完全手册 | 50 | | FreeHand 10基础教程 | 50 | | 网站设计全程教程 | 50 |
多个字段排序
select bName,price from books where price in (50,60,70) order by price desc,bName desc;
2.4.6 范围运算:
[not]between ….and….
mysql> select bName,price from books where price not between 30 and 60 order by price desc;
注:
(30,60) >30 and <60 [30,60] >=30 and <=60
2.4.7 模糊匹配查询:
字段名 [not]like ‘通配符’ —-》% 任意多个字符
查找书名中包括"程序"字样记录
mysql> select bName from books where bName like '%程序%'; 不含有 mysql> select bName from books where bName not like '%程序%';
2.4.8 MySQL子查询:
概念:在select 的where条件中又出现了select
选择 类型名为“网络技术”的图书:
mysql> select bName,bTypeId from books where bTypeId=(select bTypeId from category where bTypeName='网络技术');
选择类型名称为“***”的图书;
mysql> select bName,bTypeId from books where bTypeId=(select bTypeId from category where bTypeName='***');
2.4.9 Limit限定显示的条目:
SELECT * FROM table LIMIT [offset,] rows 偏移量 行数
LIMIT 子句可以被用于强制 SELECT 语句返回指定的记录数。LIMIT 接受一个或两个数字参数。参数必须是一个整数常量。如果给定两个参数,第一个参数指定第一个返回记录行的偏移量,第二个参数指定返回记录行的最大数目。初始记录行的偏移量是 0(而不是 1):
比如select * from table limit m,n语句
查出category表中第2条到第6行的记录。
mysql> select * from category limit 1,5; +---------+--------------+ | bTypeId | bTypeName | +---------+--------------+ | 2 | 网站 | | 3 | 3D动画 | | 4 | linux学习 | | 5 | Delphi学习 | | 6 | *** | +---------+--------------+
查看所有书籍中价格中最低的三条记录
mysql> select bName,price from books order by price asc limit 0,3; +-----------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +-----------------------------+-------+ | 网站制作直通车 | 34 | | ***与网络安全 | 41 | | 网络程序与设计-asp | 43 |
我们将子查询和限制条目,算术运算结合起来查询
mysql> select bName,price from books where publishing="电子工业出版社" order by price asc limit 0,1; mysql> select bName,price from books where price<(select price from books where publishing="电子工业出版社" order by price asc limit 0,1);
或者
mysql> select bName,price from books where price<all(select price from books where publishing="电子工业出版社");
2.4.10 连接查询:
以一个共同的字段,求两张表当中符合条件的并集。 通过共同字段把这两张表连接起来。
内连接
select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 表1.字段=表2.字段
内连接:根据表中的共同字段进行匹配
select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a inner join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid; 实际使用中inner可省略掉 跟WHERE 子句结果一样 select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a, category b where a.btypeid=b.btypeid;
外连接 (分为左外连接;右外连接)
左连接: select 字段 from a表 left join b表 on 连接条件
Select a.bname,a.price,b.btypename from books a left join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid;
右连接:select 字段 from a表 right join b表 on 条件
Select a.bname,b.* from books a right join category b on a.btypeid=b.btypeid; 右连接,可以多表连接
2.4.11 聚合函数
函数:执行特定功能的代码块。
mysql> select sum(price) from books; 或select sum(price) as 图书总价 from books; +------------+ | sum(price) | +------------+ | 10048 | +------------+
avg()平均值:
mysql> select avg(price) from books where bId<=3; +------------+ | avg(price) | +------------+ | 39.3333 | +------------+
max() 最大值:
mysql> select bName,max(price) from books; 这种方法是错误的
我们来查一下最贵的图书是哪本?
select bname,price from books order by price asc limit 0,3;
可见最贵书是Javascript与Jscript从入门到精通,而不是网站制作直通车
select bName,price from books where price=(select max(price) from books); +----------------------------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +----------------------------------------+-------+ | Javascript与Jscript从入门到精通 | 7500 | +----------------------------------------+-------+
min()最小值:
mysql> select bName,price from books where price=(select min(price) from books); +-----------------------+-------+ | bName | price | +-----------------------+-------+ | 网站制作直通车 | 34 | +-----------------------+-------+
count()统计记录数:
mysql> select count(*) from books where price>40; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 43 | +----------+
Count()中还可以增加你需要的内容,比如增加distinct来配合使用
select count(distinct price) from books where price>40;
算数运算:
/
mysql> update books set price=price+5 where price<40;
给所有价格高于70元的书籍打8折
mysql> update books set price=price*0.8 where price>70;
字符串函数:
mysql> select substr(bTypeName,1,7) from category where bTypeId=10; +-----------------------+ | substr(bTypeName,1,7) | +-----------------------+ | AutoCAD | 本来是AutoCAD技术 +-----------------------+
select substr(bTypeName,8,2)from category where bTypeId=10; +-----------------------+ | substr(bTypeName,8,2) | +-----------------------+ | 技术 | 只截取汉字 +-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
concat(str1,str2,str3…..) 拼接。 把多个字段拼成一个字段输出
mysql> select concat(bName,publishing) from books; mysql> select concat(bName,"-----",publishing) from books;
大小写转换
mysql> select upper(bname) from books where bId=9; +---------------------------+ | upper(bname) | +---------------------------+ | DREAMWEAVER 4?捆台?? | +---------------------------+
这样转换中文会出现乱码
mysql> select lower(bName) from books where bId=10; +-------------------------------+ | lower(bName) | +-------------------------------+ | 3d max 3.0 创作效果百例 | +-------------------------------+