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Node.js 19正式发布,聊聊它的 6 大特性!

Node 19已正式发布,下面本篇文章就来带大家详解了解一下Node.js 19的 6 大特性,希望对大家有所帮助!

Node.js 19正式发布,聊聊它的 6 大特性!

node.js极速入门课程:进入学习

通译自:6 Major Features of Node.js 19. Details of Node.js 19 new features… | by Jennifer Fu | Oct, 2022 | Better Programming


Node.js 14 将在 2023 年 4 月结束更新维护,Node.js 16 (LTS) 预计将在 2023 年 9 月结束更新维护。

而Node 19 在 2022-10-18 发布。【相关教程推荐:nodejs视频教程】

我们知道 Node.js 版本分两种:LTS 和 Current

Node.js 19正式发布,聊聊它的 6 大特性!

其中,Current 版本通常每 6 个月发布一次。

每年 4 月份发布新的偶数版本;

每年 10 月份发布新的奇数版本;

在刚过去的 10 月,发布的 V19.0.1 成为最新的 “Current” 尝鲜版,它一共带来 6 大特性。

1. HTTP(S)/1.1 KeepAlive 默认为 true

Node.js v19 设置 keepAlive 默认值为 true,这意味着所有出站的 HTTP(s) 连接都将使用 HTTP 1.1 keepAlive,默认时间为 5S;

代码测试:

const http = require('node:http'); console.log(http.globalAgent); const https = require('node:https'); console.log(https.globalAgent);
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我们可以对比看看 v16 和 v19 的 node server Agent 配置差异:

  • V16

% nvm use 16 Now using node v16.0.0 (npm v7.10.0) % node server Agent {   _events: [Object: null prototype] {     free: [Function (anonymous)],     newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]   },   _eventsCount: 2,   _maxListeners: undefined,   defaultPort: 80,   protocol: 'http:',   options: [Object: null prototype] { path: null },   requests: [Object: null prototype] {},   sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   keepAliveMsecs: 1000,   keepAlive : false,   maxSockets: Infinity,   maxFreeSockets: 256,   scheduling: 'lifo',   maxTotalSockets: Infinity,   totalSocketCount: 0,   [Symbol(kCapture)]: false } Agent {   _events: [Object: null prototype] {     free: [Function (anonymous)],     newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]   },   _eventsCount: 2,   _maxListeners: undefined,   defaultPort: 443,   protocol: 'https:',   options: [Object: null prototype] { path: null },   requests: [Object: null prototype] {},   sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   keepAliveMsecs: 1000,   keepAlive: false,   maxSockets: Infinity,   maxFreeSockets: 256,   scheduling: 'lifo',   maxTotalSockets: Infinity,   totalSocketCount: 0,   maxCachedSessions: 100,   _sessionCache: { map: {}, list: [] },   [Symbol(kCapture)]: false }
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第 18、40 行,keepAlive 默认设置为 false;

  • V19

% nvm use 19 Now using node v19.0.0 (npm v8.19.2) % node server Agent {   _events: [Object: null prototype] {     free: [Function (anonymous)],     newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]   },   _eventsCount: 2,   _maxListeners: undefined,   defaultPort: 80,   protocol: 'http:',   options: [Object: null prototype] {     keepAlive: true,     scheduling: 'lifo',     timeout: 5000,     noDelay: true,     path: null   },   requests: [Object: null prototype] {},   sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   keepAliveMsecs: 1000,   keepAlive: true,   maxSockets: Infinity,   maxFreeSockets: 256,   scheduling: 'lifo',   maxTotalSockets: Infinity,   totalSocketCount: 0,   [Symbol(kCapture)]: false } Agent {   _events: [Object: null prototype] {     free: [Function (anonymous)],     newListener: [Function: maybeEnableKeylog]   },   _eventsCount: 2,   _maxListeners: undefined,   defaultPort: 443,   protocol: 'https:',   options: [Object: null prototype] {     keepAlive: true,     scheduling: 'lifo',     timeout: 5000,     noDelay: true,     path: null   },   requests: [Object: null prototype] {},   sockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   freeSockets: [Object: null prototype] {},   keepAliveMsecs: 1000,   keepAlive: true,   maxSockets: Infinity,   maxFreeSockets: 256,   scheduling: 'lifo',   maxTotalSockets: Infinity,   totalSocketCount: 0,   maxCachedSessions: 100,   _sessionCache: { map: {}, list: [] },   [Symbol(kCapture)]: false }
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第 14、16、42、44 行设置 keepAlive 默认值及时间;

启用 keepAlive 能使连接重用,提高网络的吞吐量。

另外,服务器将在调用 close() 自动断开空闲的客户端,内部依靠 http(s).Server.close API 实现;

这些修改,进一步优化了体验和性能。

2. 稳定的 WebCrypto API

WebCrypto API 是一个使用密码学构建的系统接口,在 node.js v19 趋于稳定(除 Ed25519、Ed448、X25519、X448 外)。

我们可以通过调用 globalThis.cryptorequire('node:crypto').webcrypto 来访问,下面以 subtle 加密函数为例;

const { subtle } = globalThis.crypto;  (async function() {    const key = await subtle.generateKey({     name: 'HMAC',     hash: 'SHA-256',     length: 256   }, true, ['sign', 'verify']);    console.log('key =', key);    const enc = new TextEncoder();   const message = enc.encode('I love cupcakes');    console.log('message =', message);    const digest = await subtle.sign({     name: 'HMAC'   }, key, message);    console.log('digest =', digest);  })();
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首先生成 HMAC 密钥,生成的密钥可同时用于验证消息数据完整性和真实性;

然后,对字符串 I love cupcakes 加密;

最后创建 消息摘要,它是一种加密散列函数;

在控制台显示:key 、message 、digest 信息

% node server key = CryptoKey {   type: 'secret',   extractable: true,   algorithm: { name: 'HMAC', length: 256, hash: [Object] },   usages: [ 'sign', 'verify' ] } message = Uint8Array(15) [   73, 32, 108, 111, 118,  101, 32,  99, 117, 112,   99, 97, 107, 101, 115] digest = ArrayBuffer {   [Uint8Contents]: <30 01 7a 5c d9 e2 82 55 6b 55 90 4f 1d de 36 d7 89 dd fb fb 1a 9e a0 cc 5d d8 49 13 38 2f d1 bc>,   byteLength: 32 }
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3. 自定义 ESM resolution 调整

Node.js 已经删除 --experimental-specifier-resolution ,其功能现在可以通过自定义加载器实现。

可以在这个库中测试:nodejs/loaders-test: Examples demonstrating the Node.js ECMAScript Modules Loaders API

git clone https://github.com/nodejs/loaders-test.git  % cd loaders-test/commonjs-extension-resolution-loader  % yarn install
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比如 loaders-test/commonjs-extension-resolution-loader/test/basic-fixtures/index.js 文件:

import { version } from 'process';  import { valueInFile } from './file'; import { valueInFolderIndex } from './folder';  console.log(valueInFile); console.log(valueInFolderIndex);
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./file 如果没有自定义加载器,不会去查找文件的扩展名,比如 ./file.js./file.mjs

设置自定义加载器后,则可解决上述问题:

import { isBuiltin } from 'node:module'; import { dirname } from 'node:path'; import { cwd } from 'node:process'; import { fileURLToPath, pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'; import { promisify } from 'node:util';  import resolveCallback from 'resolve/async.js';  const resolveAsync = promisify(resolveCallback);  const baseURL = pathToFileURL(cwd() + '/').href;   export async function resolve(specifier, context, next) {   const { parentURL = baseURL } = context;    if (isBuiltin(specifier)) {     return next(specifier, context);   }    // `resolveAsync` works with paths, not URLs   if (specifier.startsWith('file://')) {     specifier = fileURLToPath(specifier);   }   const parentPath = fileURLToPath(parentURL);    let url;   try {     const resolution = await resolveAsync(specifier, {       basedir: dirname(parentPath),       // For whatever reason, --experimental-specifier-resolution=node doesn't search for .mjs extensions       // but it does search for index.mjs files within directories       extensions: ['.js', '.json', '.node', '.mjs'],     });     url = pathToFileURL(resolution).href;   } catch (error) {     if (error.code === 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND') {       // Match Node's error code       error.code = 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND';     }     throw error;   }    return next(url, context); }
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测试命令:

% node --loader=./loader.js test/basic-fixtures/index   (node:56149) ExperimentalWarning: Custom ESM Loaders is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time (Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created) hello from file.js
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将不会再报错,正常运行。

4. 移除对 DTrace/SystemTap/ETW 支持

在 Node.js v19中,移除了对 DTrace/SystemTap/ETW 的支持,主要是因为资源的优先级问题。

数据表明很少人用到 DTrace、SystemTap 或 ETW,维护它们没有多大的意义。

如果你想恢复使用,可提 issues => github.com/nodejs/node…

5. 升级 V8 引擎至 10.7

Node.js v19 将 V8 JavaScript 引擎更新至 V8 10.7,其中包含一个新函数 Intl.NumberFormat,用于格式化敏感数字。

Intl.NumberFormat(locales, options)
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对于不同的语言,传入不同的 locales:

const number = 123456.789;  console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('de-DE', { style: 'currency', currency: 'EUR' }).format(number)); console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('ja-JP', { style: 'currency', currency: 'JPY' }).format(number)); console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('ar-SA', { style: 'currency', currency: 'EGP' }).format(number)); console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('zh-CN', { style: 'currency', currency: 'CNY' }).format(number));
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6. 试验 Node watch 模式

运行时增加了 node –watch 选项。

在 "watch" 模式下运行,当导入的文件被改变时,会重新启动进程。

比如:

const express = require("express"); const path = require("path"); const app = express(); app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, "../build")));  app.listen(8080, () =>   console.log("Express server is running on localhost:8080") );
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% node --watch server (node:67643) ExperimentalWarning: Watch mode is an experimental feature. This feature could change at any time (Use `node --trace-warnings ...` to show where the warning was created) Express server is running on localhost:8080
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Node.js 14 将在 2023 年 4 月结束更新维护,Node.js 16 (LTS) 预计将在 2023 年 9 月结束更新维护。

建议大家开始计划将版本按需升级到 Node.js 16(LTS)或 Node.js 18(LTS)。

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