站长资讯网今天，产品那边发来需求，说有个 APP 的 IOS 版本下载包需要新增 https 协议，在景安购买了免费的 SSL 证书。当我往 nginx 上新增 ssl 时，发现服务器上的 nginx 居然没编译 SSL 模块！
看了下旧版本 nginx 的 configure 选项：
1 linux-gz215:# /usr/local/sbin/nginx -V 2 nginx version: nginx/1.0.11 3 built by gcc 4.1.2 20070115 (prerelease) (SUSE Linux) 4 configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
可能是出于最小化安装的考虑，就只有一个 prefix 参数，而版本也挺低的，干脆就升级一下好了！由于服务器处于在线服务状态，为了避免升级带来的不良影响，我决定给 nginx 来个平滑升级，结果发现还真是如丝般顺滑。。。
下面记录一下平滑升级和新增模块的过程。
一、半自动平滑升级
所谓半自动，其实就是在最后迁移的时候使用源码自带的升级命令：make upgrade 来自动完成。
①、按需编译新版本的 nginx
根据需求，常规编译新版本 nginx，不过只要执行到 make 就打住，不要 make install！
#下载1.5.7版本，并解压 cd /usr/local/src wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz tar zxvf nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz cd nginx-1.6.0 #根据实际需要新增的模块，先准备所需文件(其实只需要解压即可，全部安装，后面编译就可以不指定路径了)： #1. 安装pcre： wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.34.tar.gz tar -zxvf pcre-8.34.tar.gz cd pcre-8.34 ./configure && make && make install #2. 安装zlib： cd /usr/local/src wget http://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz tar -zxvf zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz cd zlib-1.2.8 ./configure && make && make install #3. 安装openssl： cd /usr/local/src wget http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.1c.tar.gz tar -zxvf openssl-1.0.1c.tar.gz cd openssl-1.0.1c ./configure && make && make install #加上所需参数开始编译： ./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.1c #对应openssl源码解压后的路径,下同(pcre,zlib) --with-http_stub_status_module --with-pcre --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.21 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.8 #执行make编译，但是不要执行make install make
②、重命名 nginx 旧版本二进制文件，即 sbin 目录下的 nginx（期间 nginx 并不会停止服务！）：
linux-gz215:/usr/local/src/nginx-1.6.0 # mv /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old
③、然后拷贝一份新编译的二进制文件：
linux-gz215:/usr/local/src/nginx-1.6.0 # cp objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
④、在源码目录执行 make upgrade 开始升级：
linux-gz215:/usr/local/src/nginx-1.6.0 # make upgrade #下面是make upgrade命令的打印信息： /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful kill -USR2 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid` sleep 1 test -f /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin kill -QUIT `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin` #最后确认一下nginx进程,可以发现有2个主进程，并且有正在关闭的进程（shutting down）： linux-gz215:/usr/local/src/nginx-1.6.0 # ps aux | grep nginx root 969 0.0 0.3 8260 1844 Ss Dec09 0:01 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf www 4196 0.1 2.5 19112 12872 S 14:52 0:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down www 4260 0.1 2.5 19112 12872 S 14:52 0:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down www 4257 0.1 2.5 19112 12872 S 14:52 0:00 nginx: worker process is shutting down root 4663 0.0 0.3 5488 1900 S 14:58 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf #过一段时间后，再次确认nginx进程，可以发现老进程已自动退出了（存在一段时间是因为旧进程还有未结束的服务） root 969 0.0 0.3 8260 1844 Ss Dec09 0:01 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf www 4665 0.1 2.4 16508 12444 S 14:58 0:01 nginx: worker process
完成后，最后确认一下 nginx -V ：
linux-gz215:~ # /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V nginx version: nginx/1.6.0 built by gcc 4.1.2 20070115 (prerelease) (SUSE Linux) TLS SNI support enabled configure arguments: --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.1c --with-http_stub_status_module --with-pcre --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.21 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.8
正常了，平滑升级成功！
二、纯手动平滑升级
纯手动模式，指的是在最后做迁移的时候，全部使用手动命令来搞定，避免编译可能存在不一致的参数啥的。
实际上，在 make 之后，我们可以查看 nginx 源码目录下的 Makefile 内容如下：
default: build clean: rm -rf Makefile objs build: $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile manpage install: $(MAKE) -f objs/Makefile install upgrade: /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t kill -USR2 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid` sleep 1 test -f /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin kill -QUIT `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin`
所以，说白了纯手动就是执行 upgrade 标签下的命令行而已，实际上只要确认 Makefile 下的命令路径都是正确的，用命令自动迁移是没有任何问题的。
总是有人会不放心的，喜欢手动一步一步的搞定，我也来整理下纯手动步骤：
①~③和半自动一样，按常规步骤先编译 nginx，不过只执行到 make 就打住，然后将旧的 sbin 下的 nginx 文件移走，再将编译得到的 objs 目录下的 nginx 文件放到原来的 sbin 目录。
④、测试新版本的 nginx 是否正常：
[root@Mars_Server nginx-1.6.0]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok #OK,没有问题！ nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
⑤、给旧 nginx 发送平滑迁移信号（若不清楚 pid 路径就用可用命令(2)）：
#可用命令(1)： kill -USR2 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid` #可用命令(2)： kill -USR2 `ps aux | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`
Ps：后面其实就是旧 nginx 的 pid，所以先用 ps aux 找到正在运行的 nginx 主进程 pid,再执行 kill -USR2 PID 值亦可。
⑥、等待旧版本 Nginx 的 pid 变为 oldbin（执行如下命令查看是否生成）
test -f /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid.oldbin && echo OK!
⑦、 从容关闭旧版本的 Nginx 进程
kill –WINCH `cat /usr/local/nginx/log/nginx.oldbin`
此时，旧的工作进程就都会慢慢随着任务执行完毕而退出，新版的 Nginx 的工作进程会逐渐取代旧版工作进程。
⑧、此时，不重载配置启动旧工作进程（个人感觉是为了将任务完全切换到新的 nginx 上）
kill –HUP `cat /url/local/nginx/log/nginx.oldbin`
⑨、结束工作进程，完成此次升级操作：
kill –QUIT `cat /usr/local/nginx/log/nginx.oldbin`
⑩、最后，验证 nginx 是否升级成功：
linux-gz215:~ # /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V nginx version: nginx/1.6.0 #没问题 built by gcc 4.1.2 20070115 (prerelease) (SUSE Linux) TLS SNI support enabled configure arguments: --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-openssl=/usr/local/src/openssl-1.0.1c --with-http_stub_status_module --with-pcre --with-pcre=/usr/local/src/pcre-8.21 --with-zlib=/usr/local/src/zlib-1.2.8
特意测试了下纯手动的做法，下面是我的操作记录，仅供参考：
linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx # cd sbin/ linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ll 总计 6828 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6975582 2014-12-23 16:44 nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # mv nginx nginx.old linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # cp /usr/local/src/nginx-1.5.7/objs/ autoconf.err nginx ngx_auto_config.h ngx_modules.c src/ Makefile nginx.8 ngx_auto_headers.h ngx_modules.o linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # cp /usr/local/src/nginx-1.5.7/objs/nginx . linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ll 总计 13656 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6975582 2014-12-23 16:57 nginx -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6975582 2014-12-23 16:44 nginx.old linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18152 0.0 0.0 9264 2588 S 16:45 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18331 1.0 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:04 nginx: worker process nobody 18332 1.2 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:05 nginx: worker process nobody 18333 0.6 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18334 0.8 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:03 nginx: worker process nobody 18335 0.4 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18336 0.1 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18337 0.3 0.0 13828 5844 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18338 0.2 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process root 18473 0.0 0.0 4952 796 pts/1 S+ 16:58 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # kill -USR2 18152 linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18152 0.0 0.0 9264 2588 S 16:45 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18331 0.9 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:04 nginx: worker process nobody 18332 1.2 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:05 nginx: worker process nobody 18333 0.5 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18334 0.8 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:03 nginx: worker process nobody 18335 0.4 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18336 0.2 0.0 13792 5840 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18337 0.5 0.0 13464 5504 S 16:52 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18338 0.2 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:01 nginx: worker process root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 5.0 0.0 13364 5424 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13136 5032 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18484 0.0 0.0 4960 812 pts/1 S+ 16:59 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # kill -WINCH 18152 linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18152 0.0 0.0 9264 2588 S 16:45 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18334 0.7 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:03 nginx: worker process is shutting down nobody 18337 0.5 0.0 13360 5488 S 16:52 0:02 nginx: worker process is shutting down root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 2.3 0.0 13672 5724 S 16:59 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18486 0.0 0.0 4956 796 pts/1 S+ 16:59 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18152 0.0 0.0 9264 2588 S 16:45 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 2.8 0.0 13792 5908 S 16:59 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13136 5040 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13136 5240 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18488 0.0 0.0 4956 796 pts/1 S+ 16:59 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # kill -HUP 18152 linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18152 0.0 0.0 9264 2588 S 16:45 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 3.1 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.0 0.0 13256 5336 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 0.8 0.0 13420 5532 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.2 0.0 13580 5656 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.3 0.0 13412 5532 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13256 5320 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18570 2.0 0.0 13276 5380 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18571 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18572 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18573 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18574 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18575 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18576 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18577 0.0 0.0 13276 5164 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18579 0.0 0.0 4960 812 pts/1 S+ 17:00 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # kill -QUIT 18152 linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 2.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.0 0.0 13280 5400 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 1.5 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.1 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13256 5320 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18570 3.2 0.0 13644 5672 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18571 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18572 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18573 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18574 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18575 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18576 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18577 0.6 0.0 13360 5412 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18582 0.0 0.0 4956 804 pts/1 R+ 17:00 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin # ps aux | grep nginx root 18474 0.0 0.0 9124 2460 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: master process ./nginx nobody 18475 2.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:02 nginx: worker process nobody 18476 0.2 0.0 13452 5520 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18477 1.5 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18478 0.1 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18479 0.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18480 0.0 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18481 0.2 0.0 13256 5376 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18482 0.0 0.0 13256 5320 S 16:59 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18570 3.2 0.0 13644 5672 S 17:00 0:01 nginx: worker process nobody 18571 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18572 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18573 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18574 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18575 0.0 0.0 13276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18576 0.0 0.0 13
Python +Mysql 简单安装部署步骤：
win10安装mysql数据库
下载 mysql-5.5.61-winx64，按提示默认安装，相关的安装目录 ：
g:MySQL Datafiles C:ProgramDataMicrosoftWindowsStart MenuProgramsMySQLMySQL Server 5.5 C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.5bin
创建数据库及更改权限：
create database demo; grant all on *.* to root@localhost identified by ''; exit
导入数据库文件：
mysql -u root -p demo < all_gzdata.sql mysql -u root -p demo mysql> show tables;
运行python操作数据库的代码：
import pandas as pd import MySQLdb import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() from sqlalchemy import create_engine def page199(i): #自定义统计函数 j = i[['fullURL','pageTitle']][(i['fullURLId'].str.contains('199')) & (i['fullURL'].str.contains(''))] j['pageTitle'].fillna(u'空',inplace=True) j['type'] = u'其他' # 添加空列 j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'法律快车-律师助手')]= u'法律快车-律师助手' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'咨询发布成功')]= u'咨询发布成功' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'免费发布法律咨询' )] = u'免费发布法律咨询' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'法律快搜')] = u'快搜' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'法律快车法律经验')] = u'法律快车法律经验' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'法律快车法律咨询')] = u'法律快车法律咨询' j['type'][(j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'_法律快车')) | (j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'-法律快车'))] = u'法律快车' j['type'][j['pageTitle'].str.contains(u'空')] = u'空' return j # 注意：获取一次sql对象就需要重新访问一下数据库 engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/democharset=utf8mb4') sql = pd.read_sql('all_gzdata', engine, chunksize = 10000)# 分块读取数据库信息 counts4 = [page199(i) for i in sql] # 逐块统计 counts4 = pd.concat(counts4) d1 = counts4['type'].value_counts() print (d1) d2 = counts4[counts4['type']==u'其他'] print (d2) d2 = pd.DataFrame(d2) # 先自定义函数将表格写入数据库里，以备操作过程中有些数据要写入数据库 def savetosql(DF,tablename): import pandas as pd from sqlalchemy import create_engine yconnect = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/democharset=utf8mb4') pd.io.sql.to_sql(DF,tablename, yconnect, schema='demo', if_exists='append') savetosql(d2,'199elsepercentage')# 将199的网页中的“其他”类型的数据存到数据库中
python写入数据库报错：
File "", line 40, in savetosql(d2,'199elsePercentage') File " ", line 38, in savetosql pd.io.sql.to_sql(DF,tablename, yconnect, schema='demo', if_exists='append') File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespandasiosql.py", line 450, in to_sql chunksize=chunksize, dtype=dtype) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespandasiosql.py", line 1149, in to_sql table.insert(chunksize) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespandasiosql.py", line 663, in insert self._execute_insert(conn, keys, chunk_iter) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespandasiosql.py", line 638, in _execute_insert conn.execute(*self.insert_statement(data, conn)) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginebase.py", line 948, in execute return meth(self, multiparams, params) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemysqlelements.py", line 269, in _execute_on_connection return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginebase.py", line 1060, in _execute_clauseelement compiled_sql, distilled_params File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginebase.py", line 1200, in _execute_context context) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginebase.py", line 1413, in _handle_dbapi_exception exc_info File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyutilcompat.py", line 203, in raise_from_cause reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyutilcompat.py", line 186, in reraise raise value.with_traceback(tb) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginebase.py", line 1193, in _execute_context context) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagessqlalchemyenginedefault.py", line 507, in do_execute cursor.execute(statement, parameters) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlcursors.py", line 170, in execute result = self._query(query) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlcursors.py", line 328, in _query conn.query(q) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlconnections.py", line 516, in query self._affected_rows = self._read_query_result(unbuffered=unbuffered) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlconnections.py", line 727, in _read_query_result result.read() File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlconnections.py", line 1066, in read first_packet = self.connection._read_packet() File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlconnections.py", line 683, in _read_packet packet.check_error() File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlprotocol.py", line 220, in check_error err.raise_mysql_exception(self._data) File "G:ProgramDataAnaconda3libsite-packagespymysqlerr.py", line 109, in raise_mysql_exception raise errorclass(errno, errval) InternalError: (pymysql.err.InternalError) (1366, "· 1") [SQL: 'INSERT INTO demo.`199elsePercentage`......
mysql 字符集编码出错，检查mysql字符集：
mysql> show variables like 'character_set_database'; +------------------------+--------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+--------+ | character_set_database | latin1 | +------------------------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'character%'; +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | latin1 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8mb4 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.5sharecharsets | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
更改编码alter database demo CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;插入仍失败，未生效：
mysql> alter database demo CHARACTER SET utf8mb4; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'character%'; +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8mb4 | | character_set_connection | utf8mb4 | | character_set_database | utf8mb4 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8mb4 | | character_set_server | utf8mb4 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.5sharecharsets | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'character_set_database'; +------------------------+---------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+---------+ | character_set_database | utf8mb4 | +------------------------+---------+
修改my.cnf文件（C:Program FilesMySQLMySQL Server 5.5）,将编码改为utf8mb4，在windows服务中重启数据库
[mysql] #default-character-set=latin1 default-character-set=utf8mb4 #character-set-server=latin1 character-set-server=utf8mb4 collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci init_connect='SET NAMES utf8mb4'
mysq已有的数据库和表的字符集更改使用以下语句：
mysql> ALTER DATABASE demo CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> ALTER TABLE 199elsePercentage CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
编码更改以后，mysql数据库插入成功：
mysql> select count(1) from 199elsepercentage; +----------+ | count(1) | +----------+ | 359 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
276 5172 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process nobody 18577 0.5 0.0 13360 5412 S 17:00 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18584 0.0 0.0 4956 812 pts/1 S+ 17:00 0:00 grep nginx linux-gz215:/usr/local/nginx/sbin #
为了验证平滑升级确实不影响在线业务，我特意在升级的时候，利用 ab 命令一直在发送请求：
ab -n1000000 -c10 http://domain.com/
直到升级完成，使用 ctrl +C 终止并查看 ab 结果，可以发现几十万次的请求全部成功，没有失败！证明平滑升级的可行性！
